An Assessment of Prairie Mound Origin Theories
at University of Arkansas Experimental Farms

            Below is a list of articles concerning prairie mounds I've collected.  You can download a PDF version of this list here.  The list is somewhat dated, but I hope to add to it soon.  If you know of papers that are not included here, feel free to send them along: ggvogel@gmail.com.

            You can also find a list of prairie mound references on Paul V. Heinrich's site here.

Author Year Title
Allgood, F.P., and F. Gray 1974 An ecological interpretation for the small mounds in landscapes of eastern Oklahoma. J. Environ. Qual. 3:37-41.
Archuleta, Toby Edward 1980 Analysis of mima mounds in Northeastern Arkansas.  Masters Thesis, University of New Orleans.
Arkley, Rodney John, and Brown, Herrick C. 1954 The origin of Mima mound (hogwallow) microrelief in the far western states. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America , vol. 18, no. 2, p. 195-199.
Arnold, Joseph Jenks Jr. 1960 Prairie mounds and their climatic implications. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States; Master's.
Aronow, Saul 1990 Geomorphology of the Project Area. in H. B. Ensor, S. Aronow, M. D. Freeman, and J. M. Sanchez, An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Greens Bayou Regional Stormwater Detention Facility, Greens Bayou, Harris County, Texas.
Aronow, Saul 1988 Surface Geology. in G. W. Crenwelge, E. L. Griffen, and J. K. Baker, Soil Survey of Galveston County, Texas: United States Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Temple, Texas.
Aronow, Saul 1965 [Ingleside barrier island system]. in The deltaic Coastal Plain Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs., 15th Ann. Mtg., 1965, Field Trip Guidebook. Houston, Tex., Houston Geol. Soc. p. 51-54.
Aronow, Saul 1963 Internal characteristics of pimple (prairie) mounds in southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper no. 73, p. 106, 1963.
Aten, Lawrence E. and Bollich, Charles N. 1981 Archeological evidence for pimple (prairie) mound genesis. Science. vol. 213, no. 4514, p. 1375-1376.
Barnes, G.W. 1879 The Hillocks or Mound-Formations of San Diego, California; American Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 565-571.
Beckman, Michael A. 1969 Middle Archaic complex of northwest Arkansas. Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. v. 23, p. 197-208.
Berg, Andrew W. 1991 Formation of Mima mounds; a seismic hypothesis: Reply. Geology. vol. 19, no. 3, p. 284-285.
Berg, Andrew W. 1990 Reply in Comment and Reply on "Formation of Mima mounds: A seismic hypothesis" Geology. vol. 18, no. 12, p. 1260-1261.
Berg, Andrew W. 1990 Formation of Mima mounds: a seismic hypothesis: Geology, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 281-284.
Berg, Andrew W. 1989 Formation of Mima mounds; a seismic hypothesis. Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America. vol. 21, no. 5, p. 56.
Bik, M. J. J. 1969 The origin and age of the prairie mounds of southern Alberta, Canada. Biul. Peryglacjalny. no. 19, p. 85-130.
Bik, M. J. J. 1968 Morphoclimatic observations on prairie mounds. Zeitschr. Geomorphologie. new ser. vol. 12, no. 4, p. 409-469.
Bik, M. J. J. 1967 On the periglacial origin of prairie mounds. in Glacial geology of the Missouri Coteau; Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene, Field Conf. Guidebook. N. D. Geol. Surv., Misc. Ser. No. 30, p. 83-94.
Bonnin, Jack C 1972 Pimple Mound Occupation in Southwest Louisiana. Unpublished manuscript on file with the State of Louisiana Division of Archaeology, Baton Rouge. 13 p.
Borst, G. 1975 A cross section through a large mima mound.  Soil Surv. Horiz. 16(4)20-24.
Branner, John Casper 1905 Natural mounds or 'hog wallows.'. Science, n s. vol. 21, p. 514-516.
Branson, Carl C. 1966 Patterns of Oklahoma prairie mounds. Oklahoma Geology Notes. vol. 26, no. 11, p. 263-273.
Breckenridge, W.J., and J.R. Tester 1961 Growth, local movement and liberation of the Manitoba toad, Bufo hemiophrys.  Ecology 42:637-646.
Bretz, Harlan 1913 Glaciation of the Puget Sound Region, Wash. Geol. Surv. Bull. VIII, p. 97-106.
Brown, David O. 1988 Natural Mounds and Archaeological Sites in Southeast Texas. Paper presented at a symposium on "Examining Site Variability and Structure in Southeast Texas" at the Fall meeting of the Council of Texas Archaeologists, Austin, Texas.
Brunschweiler, D. 1962 The periglacial realm in North America during the Wisconsin glaciation.  Biul. Peryglacjalny  11:15-25.
Butler, Arlene Camille 1979 Mima mound grasslands of the uppercoastal prairie of Texas.  Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University.
Butler, David R. 1995 Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents.  Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Cain, R. H. 1974 Pimple Mounds: A new viewpoint.  Ecology 55: 178-182
Campbell, M.R. 1906 Natural Mounds: Journal of Geology, v. 14, p. 708-717.
Carlson, D.C., White, E.M. 1987 Effects of prairie dogs on mound soils.  Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 51, no. 2, p. 389-393.
Carty D. J., Dixon, J. B., Wilding, L. P., and Turner, F. T. 1988 Characterization of a pimple mound-intermound soil complex in the Gulf Coast prairie region of Texas. Soil Science Society of America Journal. vol. 52, no. 6, p. 1715-1721.
Collins, Brown 1975 Range vegetation and Mima mounds in north Texas: Journal of Range Management, v. 28, no. 3, p. 209-211.
Corlis, W.R. 1983 Earthquakes, tides, unidentified sounds and related phenomena, a catalog of geophysical anomalies: Glen Arm, Maryland, The Source-Book Project, p. 79-81.
Cox, George W. 1990 Form and dispersion of Mima mounds in relation to slope steepness and aspect on the Columbia Plateau: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 50, p. 21-31.
Cox, George W. 1990 Comment in Comment and Reply on "Formation of Mima mounds: A seismic hypothesis" Geology. vol. 18, no. 12, p. 1259-1260.
Cox, George W. 1986 Mima mounds as an indicator of the presettlement grassland-chaparral boundary in San Diego County, California.  The American Midland Naturalist.  v. 116 (July '86) p. 64-77.
Cox, George W. 1984 Mounds of Mystery.  Natural History  6:36-45.
Cox, George W. 1990 Soil mining by pocket gophers along topographic gradients in a Mima moundfield.  Ecology v. 71, no. 3, p. 837-843.
Cox, George W. 1984 The Distribution and Origin of Mima Mound Grasslands in San Diego County, California.  Ecology 65(5) 1984:1397-1405
Cox, George W., and Allen, Douglas W. 1987 Sorted stone nets and circles of the Columbia Plateau; a hypothesis. Northwest Science. vol. 61, no. 3, p. 179-185.
Cox, George W., and Gakahu, C. G. 1986 A latitudinal test of the fossorial rodent hypothesis of Mima mound origin. Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie. vol. 30, no. 4, p. 485-501.
Cox, George W., and Hunt, Jodee 1990 Form of Mima Mounds in Relation to Occupancy by Pocket Gophers.  Journal of Mammalogy, 71:90
Cox, George W., and, Roig, C. G. 1986 Argentinian Mima mounds occupied by ctenomyid rodents: Journal of Mammalogy. vol. 67, no. ?, p. 428-432.
Cox, George W., Gakahu, C.G., And Allen, D.W. 1987 Small-stone content of Mima mounds of the Columbia Plateau and Rocky Mountain regions: Implications for mound origin: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 47, p. 609-619.
Cox, George W., Lovegrove, B. G., and Siegfried W. R. 1987 The small stone content of mima like mounds in the South African Cape region; implications for mound origin. Catena. vol. 14, no. 3, p. 165-176.
Cox, Randel, T., and Shingleur, Rick A. 1994 A new line of evidence for the erosional origin of pimple mounds. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 4-5.
Dalquest, Walter W., and Scheffer, Victor Blanchard 1942 The origin of the mounds of western Washington. Journal of Geology. vol. 50, no. 1, p. 68-84.
del Moral, Roger, and D.C. Deardorff 1976 Vegetation of the Mima mounds, Washington State: Ecology, v. 57, p. 520-530.
Denny, C.S., and C.S. Goodlett 1956 Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 288, 72 p.
Eakin, H.M. 1932 Periglacial Phenomena in the Puget Sound Region, Science, Vol. LXXV (new series), p. 536.
Esler, K.J., Cowling, R.M. 1995 The comparison of selected life-history characteristics of Mesembryanthema species occuring on and off mima-like mounds (heuweltjies) in semi arid Southern Africa.  Vegetatio, v. 116, no. 1, p. 41-50.
Evans, S.A., Gilbert, M.E., Johnson, C.S., Schuett, J.P. 1975 The Pseudotsuga menzisii invasion on Mima Prairie -- A study of prairie-forest dynamics.  In Herman, S.G., Wiedmann, A.M., editors, 1975, Contributions to the natural history of the southern Puget Sound region, Washington: The Evergreen State College, p. 63-108.
Fosberg, M.A. 1965 Characteristics and genesis of patterned ground in Wisconsin time in a chestnut soil in southern Idaho.  Soil Sci. 99:30-37.
Fransworth, P.J. 1906 On the origin of small mounds of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Texas, Science, n.s., vol. 23, no. 589, p. 583-584.
Freeman, O.W. 1932 Origin and economic value of the scabland mounds of eastern Washington: Northwest Science, v. 6, no. 2, p. 37-40.
Freeman, O.W. 1926 Scabland mounds of eastern Washington: Science, new series, v. 64, no. 1662, p. 450-451.
Gakahu, C.G., and G.W. Cox 1984 The occurrence and origin of Mima mound terrain in Kenya: African Journal of Ecology, v. 22, p. 31-42.
Gangmark, H.A. and F.B. Sanford 1963 Theory on development of mounds near Red Bluff, California: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, v. 63, no. 1, p. 213-220.
Geiger, B. 1998 Mounds of Confusion, Earth, August, 1998, pp 35-37.
Gibbs, George 1854 Report of George Gibbs on a reconnaissance of the central portion of Washington Territory. In Stevens, I.I., 1854, Report of exploration of a route for the Pacific Railroad, near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels, from St. Paul to Puget Sound: U.S. Congress, 33d, 1st Session, Jouse Executive Document 129, v. 187, pt. 1, p. 494-512.
Giles, L.J. 1970 The ecology of the mounds on Mima Prairie with special reference to Douglas-fir invasion: University of Washington Master of Science thesis, 99 p.
Goodarzi, Nasrin K. 1978 Geomorphological and soil analysis of soil mounds in Southwest Louisiana: Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Grant, Chapman 1948 Mima mounds: Journal of Geology, v. 56, no. 3, p. 229-231
Gravenor, Conrad Percival 1955 The origin and significance of prairie mounds [Alberta]. American Journal of Science. vol. 253, no. 8, p. 475-481.
Guccione, M. J., Shingleur, R. A., Van Arsdale, R. B., and Pratt, M. 1991 Origin of some prairie mounds in northwestern Arkansas. Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America. vol. 23, no. 4, p. 28.
Hallet, Bernard, and Sletten, R. S. 1994 Mima mounds; constraints on the timing of formation. Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America. vol. 26, no. 7, p. 300.
Hallmark, Charles T. 1987 Soil Descriptions and Analysis, in H. B. Ensor, the Cinco Ranch sites, Barker Reservoir, Fort Bend County, Texas: Texas A&M University Archeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 3, College Station, p. 267-272.
Hecht, Jeff 1990 Earthquakes leave loose material all shook up. New Scientist (1971). vol 126, no. 1714, p. 39.
Heinrich, Paul V. 1986 Geomorphology of the Barker Reservoir Area, Harris County, Texas, in R. C. Fields and others, Inventory and Assessment of Cultural Resources at Barker Reservoir, Fort Bend and Harris Counties, Texas: Prewitt and Associates, Inc. Report of Investigations 40, Austin, Texas, p. 147-176.
Hilgard, Eugene Woldemar 1905 The prairie mounds of Louisiana. Science n s. vol. 21, no. 551-552.
Holdredge, C.P., and H.B. Wood 1947 Mound and depression topography of the Central Valley of California and other areas (abstract): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1253-1254.
Holland, T.D. 1984 Archaeological Testing of the Route 60, Butler County Project.  American Archaeology Division, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Holland, Wilbur C., Leo W. Hough, and Grover E. Murray 1952 Geology of Beauregard and Allen Parishes: Geological Bulletin 27, Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge.
Holliday, Vance T. 1987 Observations on the Cinco Ranch pimple mounds, in H. B. Ensor, the Cinco Ranch sites, Barker Reservoir, Fort Bend County, Texas: Texas A&M University Archeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 3, College Station, p. 275-282.
Holtz, Wendy 1995 Phase II Investigations of the Sand Flats Site (47MO284) and the West Prairie Mound Group (47MO7) Monroe County, Wisconsin.  MVAC Report of Investigation no. 211.
Hubbs, Carl Leavitt 1957 Recent climatic history in California and adjacent areas. in Craig, H., ed., Conference on recent research in climatology, Mar. 1957, Proc. p. 10-22.
Huss, Joseph M. 1994 Stratigraphic and sodium analyses of Laramie Basin mima-like mounds, Wyoming. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dept. of Geology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY, United States. 176 pp.
Isaacson, John, and Johnson, Donald L. 1996 The polygenetic and complex origins of "Mima mounds" in the California coastal area; perspectives on a scientific controversy. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 111.
Jackson, Howard E 1956 The mystery of the Mima Mounds [Wash.]. Natural History. vol. 65, no. 3, p. 136-139, 162.
Jackson, Howard E. 1973 Washington's Mysterious Mounds.  National Parks Conservation Magazine, vol. 47, no 4, p. 24-26
Jacob, John S, and Hallmark, Charles T. 1988 Appendix III Soil Descriptions and Analysis, in M.J. McReynolds, H. B. Ensor, and D. L. Carlson: Texas A&M University Archeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 6, College Station, p. 123-133.
Johnson, C.B. 1982 Soil mounds and patterned ground of the Lawrence Memorial Grassland Preserve.  Orgeon State University, Corvallis, M.S. Research Paper.
Johnson, P.L., and Billings, W.D. 1962 The alpine vegetation of Beartooth Plateau in relation to cryopedogenic processes and patterns.  Ecological monographs 32: 105-135.
Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H., Shachak, M. 1994 Organisms as ecosystem engineers.  Oikos  v. 69, no. 3, p. 373-386.
Kaatz, M.R. 1959 Patterned ground in central Washington: a preliminary report. Northw. Sci.  33:145-156.
Klotz, Sally, and Daphne Smith 1975 Distributions of plant species on the mounds of Mima Prairie, Thurston County, Washington.  In Herman, S.G., Wiedemann, A.M., editors, 1975, Contributions to the natural history of the southern Puget Sound region, Washington: The Evergreen State College, p. 25-62.
Knechtel, Maxwell M. 1952 Pimpled Plains of Eastern Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Bulletin., vol. 63, pp. 689-700.
Koons, Frederick C. 1948 The Sand Mounds of Louisiana and Texas. Scientific Monthly. vol. 66, pp. 297-300.
Koons, Frederick C. 1926 Origin of the sand mounds of the pimpled plains of Louisiana and Texas: University of Chicago Master of Science Thesis, 20p.
Krinitzsky, Ellis Louis 1950 Reply. Origin of pimple mounds. American Journal of Science. vol. 248, no. 5, p. 357-360.
Krinitzsky, Ellis Louis 1949 Origin of pimple mounds. American Journal of Science. vol. 247, no. 10, p. 706-714.
Le Conte, Joseph 1877 Hog wallows or prairie mounds [of California and Oregon]. Nature. vol. 15, pp. 530-531.
Le Conte, Joseph 1874 The Great Lava-Flood of the Northwest and the Structure and Age of the Cascade Mountains; American Journal of Science (3rd series), March and April, p. 365-367.
Lee, J.A. 1986 Origin of mounds under creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) on terraces of the Salt River, Arizona.  Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 21: 23-27.
Lockett, S.H. 1870 First Annual Report, Topographic Survey of Louisiana, 1869.  Louisiana State University, New Orleans.
Lorio, P.L. Jr. 1968 Soil and stand conditions related to southern pine beetle activity in Hardin County, Texas.  J. Econ. Entomol. 61:565-566.
Lovegrove, B. G., and Siegfried, W. R. 1989 Spacing and origin(s) of Mima-like earth mounds in the Cape Province of South Africa. South African Journal of Science. vol. 85, no. 2, p. 108-112.
Mader, Detlef 1995 Aeolian and Adhesion Morphodynamics and Phytoecology in Recent Costal and Inland Sand and Snow Flats and Dunes from Mainly North Sea and Baltic Sea to Mars and Venus Volume 2
Malde, H.E. 1964 Patterned ground on the western Snake River Plain, Idaho, and its possible cold-climate origin.  Geological Society of America Bulletin 75: 191-207.
Malde, H.E. 1961 Patterned ground of possible solifluction origin at low altitudes in the western Snake River Plain, Idaho.  U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 424-B.
Masson, P.H. 1949 Circular soil structures in northeast California.  Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 151:61-67.
McFaul, Michael 1979 A geomorphic and pedological interpretation of the mima-mounded prairies, South Pugent Lowland, Washington State.  Thesis or Dissertation.   (AGI  no. 96-42493,  from GeoRef database)
McFaul, Michael 1977 Preliminary results of a field study of the mima mounds at their type locality in Washington State. Great Plains Rocky Mt. Geogr. Journal. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 405.
McGruff, Paul R., and Wayne N. Cox 1973 A survey of the archaeological and historical resources to be affected by the Clear Creek Flood Control Project, Texas: Texas Archeological Survey Research Report No. 28, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Melton, Frank A 1940 Tentative Classification of Sand Dunes and its Application to Dune History in the Southern High Plains.  Journal of Geology, 48: p. 113-174.
Melton, Frank A. 1929 Natural mounds of northeastern Texas, southern Arkansas, and northern Louisiana.  p. 110-130. In Oklahoma Academic Science Proc. 19, Univ. Bull. 456.
Melton, Frank A. 1935 Vegetation and soil mounds: Geographical Review, v. 25, no. 3, p. 430-433.
Michel, Jean 1935 Observations sur les rideaux de la craie dans les valleuses entre le Treport et Ault. Acad. Sci. Paris, C. Rt. 200, no. 22, p. 1869-1871.
Mielke, H.W. 1977 Mound Building by pocket gophers (geomyidae): their impact on soils and vegetation in North America.  Journal of Biogeography, 4, 171-180
Miller, Timothy W. 1994 Multi-dimensional analysis of Laramie Basin mima-like mounds, Wyoming. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dept. of Geology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY, United States. 113 pp.
Murray, D.F. 1967 Gravel mounds at Rocky Flats, Colorado: The Mountain Geologist, v. 4, no. 3, p. 99-107.
Nadolski, A.F. 1969 An Investigation of Mima mounds in southwest San Diego County, California: San Diego State University Department of Geological Sciences Senior Report, 50 p.
Nelson, C.A. 1977 The origin and characteristics of soil mounds and patterned ground in north central Oregon.  Oregon State University, Corvallis, M.S. Research Paper.
Nelson, Robert E. 1997 Implications of subfossil Coleoptera for the evolution of the Mima Mounds of southwestern Puget Lowland, Washington. Quaternary Research. vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 356-368.
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Newcomb, Reuben Clair 1940 Hypothesis for the Periglacial 'Fissure Polygon' Origin of the Tenino Mounds, Thurston County, Washington.  Geol. News Letter, Geol. Soc. Oregon County (abstr), Vol. VI, p. 182.
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Paeth, Robert Carl 1967 Depositional origin of mima mounds. Oregon State University, United States; Master's 61 p.
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